The Biological Relationship Between Man and the Animal World

In the 19th century archeologists discovered the remains of extinct , highly developed primates called Dryopithecinae , or tree apes . Charles Darwin , the great English naturalist , and his followers analysed the evolution of the animal world over the course of many centuries and used these discoveries to scientifically prove the biological relationship between man and the animal world , as well as man’s evolution from the highly developed tossil apes . The proof of this theory was to be found in the data provided by anatomy , embryology , paleontology and , specifically , by the basic similarity of skel etal structure , brain development and the composition of the blood of modern man and the anthropoid apes . The develop ment of modern science has proved the validity of this mate rialist theory magnificently .

The Function of the State

The Functions of the State The main function of the slave state ( as of all other exploit er systems ) was the suppression of the exploited . In order to capture new slaves the slave states waged constant wars , plundering the defeated peoples , turning them into tributaries or slaves . Herein lies the second function of any state based on the exploitation of man by man : the expansion of its territory . The state carries out its functions with the aid of a state apparatus . To begin with , the state adopted some clan and tribal institutions ; however , they no longer reflected the interests of the entire clan or tribe but only those of a small group of clan elders and tribal chieftains who eventually became hereditary rulers . The military force of the primitive , communal system was composed of all the able – bodied members of the clan , while in a slave system there appeared a new force , removed from the people and standing in opposition to it : a paid army whose duty it was to defend the rapacious , egotistic interests of the slave – owners . The courts appeared in like manner , the guardians of the interests of an insignificant part of society , the slave – owners , not the interests of society as a whole . The clergy were an integral part of the state apparatus , as were the overseers , guards , scribes , collectors of duties , taxes , etc. The former division of the population along lines of blood relationship was now supplanted by an administrative and territorial division .

Feudalism in the Slave System of China

The establishment of feudal relations in China was com pleted by the 3rd century AD . ( earlier , according to some sources ) . Politically speaking , this coincided with the disin tegration of the ancient Chinese Han Empire and the follow ing new unification of the country under the Ch’in Empire . One of the distinctive features of feudal relations in China was the establishment of the ruling class’s monopoly ownership of land and water , not as individual property , but as a form of state property . Like the establishment of state property under a slave system , this was similarly related to a definite centralisation of community work and the extensive con struction of fortifications . It was at this time that the construction of the China Wall was begun . During the reign of Shih Huang Ti , the first emperor of the Ch’in dynasty , a law on state lands was issued . Under this law , a peasant received a plot of land which was subse quently divided into two parts . Everything he harvested from the first half belonged to him , while the harvest from the second half belonged in toto to the state . Besides , the peasants were responsible for the upkeep of the irrigation ditches , for draining land and building fortifications . This was a peculiar form of labour rent . However , the European system , under which a peasant tilled his lord’s land , was practically unknown in China . There were relatively few estates belong ing to feudal lords , and the attempt to establish state fields tilled by peasants was unsuccessful . and , at the same time , to encourage his interest in his holding . The feudal state strove to attach the peasant to the land That is why rent in kind became predominant .